Am I allowed to claim the Canadian low income earners extra $1500 benefit if I was on a working visa and I worked in Canada from Jan-October and then went back home?

If you mean the Canada Workers Benefit, then you would have to be a resident for the full year to be eligible for the credit.

If you are unsure of your residency status, you will need to contact the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) and confirm it with them. 

If you are in Canada or the United States, you can call the CRA at 1-800-959-8281. If you are elsewhere, you can call 613-940-8495. This page has more ways to contact the CRA: Contact the Canada Revenue Agency